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a.

consuls.

c.

tribunes.

b.

senators.

d.

praetors.

a.

refusing to honor the emperor as a god.

b.

refusing to serve in the military.

c.

rejecting Roman belief in a messiah.

d.

regarding their religion as the only true faith.

a.

the phalanx system.

b.

larger, more powerful divisions of troops.

c.

smaller, more mobile divisions of troops.

d.

a tolerant attitude toward deserters, which boosted morale.

a.

on the Mediterranean's southern coast.

b.

almost at the east-west midpoint of the Mediterranean.

c.

just east of the Balkan Peninsula.

d.

just east of the Fertile Crescent.

a.

Paul.

c.

Jesus.

b.

Peter.

d.

Pontius Pilate.

a.

Ottoman Empire.

c.

Visigoth Empire.

b.

Byzantine Empire.

d.

Christian Empire.

a.

the construction of magnificent public buildings.

b.

the beginning of the Pax Romana.

c.

the importation of North African grain to Rome.

d.

the renewed war with Carthage.

a.

raise wages among the Roman poor.

b.

encourage farmers to leave provincial farms.

c.

control severe inflation.

d.

please the merchant class.

a.

the plebeians and the patricians.

c.

the Latins and the patricians.

b.

the Etruscans and the Etrurians.

d.

the slaves and the free citizens.

a.

Vandals.

c.

Huns.

b.

Visigoths.

d.

Byzantines.

a.

Augustine.

c.

Paul.

b.

Constantine.

d.

Antioch.

a.

reduce provincial taxes.

c.

give more power to the poor.

b.

limit the size of the latifundia.

d.

sell grain at low prices.

a.

most free males in the provinces had been made citizens of Rome.

b.

Marcus Aurelius had rescinded the jus civile.

c.

Hadrian had strengthened Rome's fortifications.

d.

provincial residents demanded their own sets of laws.

a.

build the Colosseum and Circus Maximus.

b.

trade with places as distant as China and Britain.

c.

build a series of stone water channels called aqueducts.

d.

adopt a new calendar based on the Egyptian year of 365 1/4 days.

a.

crossing the Alps with troops and elephants.

b.

adopting the Julian calendar.

c.

leading his troops across the Rubicon River.

d.

driving Pompey out of Italy.

a.

Hannibal's attack on a Spanish ally.

b.

Carthage's attempt to seize the Strait of Messina.

c.

Hannibal's attempt to cross the Alps.

d.

the revolt of the latifundia owners.

a.

Theodosius.

c.

Claudius.

b.

Constantine.

d.

Augustine.

a.

the practice of any monotheistic religion.

c.

Jews to live in Jerusalem.

b.

Christians to live in Rome.

d.

the worship of the emperor.

a.

Etruscan

c.

Neolithic

b.

Indo-European

d.

Roman

a.

a triumvirate.

c.

the Dictatorship.

b.

the Republic.

d.

a legion.

a.

put Roman law into writing.

b.

eliminated the Assembly of Tribes.

c.

eliminated the Assembly of Centuries.

d.

allowed intermarriage between plebeians and Etruscans.

a.

Julius Caesar.

c.

Claudius.

b.

Proconsul.

d.

Augustus.

a.

a succession of 28 emperors.

b.

the minting of more coins to try to pay soldiers.

c.

repeated attacks by Germanic tribes.

d.

a cut in land taxes to stimulate agricultural production.

a.

the destruction of Carthage.

b.

the migration of landless farmers into Rome.

c.

opposition to plebeian rule.

d.

a reduction in the power of the army.

a.

messiah.

c.

religion.

b.

rebel.

d.

Jews.

a.

Persians.

c.

Christians.

b.

Jews.

d.

Greeks.

a.

Attila.

c.

Constantine.

b.

Odoacer.

d.

Alaric.

a.

the Colosseum.

c.

the Forum.

b.

the Circus Maximus.

d.

the Pantheon.

a.

the Talmud.

c.

the New Testament.

b.

the Torah.

d.

a.

was the official language of Rome.

b.

was the lingua franca of Europe until the A.D. 1500s.

c.

had a larger vocabulary than Greek.

d.

forms the basis of the Italian, French, and Romanian languages.

a.

disease had natural causes.

b.

disease had supernatural causes.

c.

the world revolved around a fixed point.

d.

water was the basic substance of all things.

a.

comedies.

c.

tragedies.

b.

trilogies.

d.

Euripides.

a.

freeing the Ionian city-states and capturing Persepolis.

b.

encouraging his soldiers to intermarry with the Persians.

c.

convincing his Macedonian troops to continue beyond the Indus River valley.

d.

establishing 70 cities and making his capital in Babylon.

a.

Aristotle.

c.

Homer.

b.

Herodotus.

d.

Thucydides.

a.

the mid-700s B.C.

c.

the mid-500s B.C.

b.

the mid-600s B.C.

d.

the mid-400s B.C.

a.

soldiers and bureaucrats roaming freely in search of job opportunities.

b.

Hellenistic women gaining greater freedom.

c.

philosophical inquiry focused on questions of personal behavior.

d.

deterioration of trade links between the cities built by Alexander.

a.

unusual asymmetrical design.

b.

graceful proportions and use of perspective.

c.

46 black marble columns.

d.

100 black marble columns.

a.

the Persian Wars.

c.

a comparison of systems of government.

b.

the Peloponnesian War.

d.

the conquests of Alexander the Great.

a.

Cynicism.

c.

Stoicism.

b.

Epicureanism.

d.

the Hippocratic oath.

a.

amphora.

c.

b.

d.

phalanx.

a.

"there is one absolute law."

c.

"truth is different for each individual."

b.

"moral codes are developed by the gods."

d.

"freedom results in social disorder."

a.

Septuagint.

c.

Ptolemaic.

b.

Hellenistic.

d.

Stoic.

a.

Alexander the Great.

c.

Darius III.

b.

Demosthenes.

d.

Philip II.

a.

he believed the state as a whole was more important than the individual.

b.

he resented Athenian philosophers such as Socrates.

c.

he had great trust in the opinions of the majority.

d.

Sparta emphasized military prowess rather than intellectual ability.

a.

women were not permitted to watch.

b.

non-Athenians were not allowed to compete.

c.

they were held in honor of Zeus.

d.

they did not include team events.

a.

help students polish their rhetorical skills.

b.

encourage students to memorize information.

c.

force students to defend their statements.

d.

demand payment from all students.

a.

Macedonia and Greece.

c.

Mesopotamia and Iran.

b.

Egypt, Libya, and part of Syria.

d.

Mesopotamia and Afghanistan.

a.

Sophocles.

c.

Aristophanes.

b.

Euripides.

d.

Aeschylus.

a.

Euclid.

c.

Eratosthenes.

b.

Archimedes.

d.

Aristarchus.

a.

Philip II's use of Greek-style military techniques.

b.

lack of cooperation among the Greek city-states.

c.

Greece's weakened state after the Peloponnesian War.

d.

the Macedonians' alliance with the Persians.

a.

700 B.C.

c.

536 B.C.

b.

609 B.C.

d.

447 B.C.

a.

Alexandria.

c.

Athens.

b.

Jerusalem.

d.

Babylon.

a.

Thales.

c.

Herodotus.

b.

Zeno.

d.

Hippocrates.

a.

mythological figures.

c.

scenes of everyday life.

b.

scenes from history.

d.

plain geometrical designs.

a.

he wrote about political science.

b.

he believed that the earth was the center of the solar system.

c.

he wrote the Historia.

d.

he believed that an ideal government would include monarchy, aristocracy, and democracy.

a.

the consequences of one's deeds could affect future generations.

b.

the gods were often merciless toward humans.

c.

gods and goddesses rarely influenced the lives of humans.

d.

war brought misery to both the victor and the vanquished.

a.

a belief in unlimited Greek power.

b.

Greece's diminished confidence after the Peloponnesian War.

c.

the ideals of the Golden Age of Athens.

d.

an ideal called the Golden Mean.

a.

checked the reliability of his sources.

b.

traveled to the sites about which he wrote.

c.

tried to separate fact from legend.

d.

rejected the idea of gods having a role in history.

a.

headed south toward Egypt.

c.

returned to Athens.

b.

headed east toward the Persian capital.

d.

returned to Macedonia.

a.

the search for truth was most important.

b.

he would never obey the laws of the state.

c.

he should not receive the death penalty.

d.

the state should never try to determine truth.

a.

a higher standard of living than most Greek city-states.

b.

an emphasis on military and athletic ability.

c.

great intellectual and artistic accomplishment.

d.

the complete political control of its two kings.

a.

a belief in gods with human forms and humanlike behavior.

b.

the use of oracles to predict the future.

c.

a belief in the existence of powerful goddesses.

d.

a belief in a female chief deity, the Earth Mother.

a.

agora.

c.

Assembly.

b.

acropolis.

d.

phalanx.

a.

Macedonians.

c.

Spartans.

b.

Persians.

d.

Delian League.

a.

the northern part of the Balkan Peninsula.

b.

the southern part of the Balkan Peninsula.

c.

the entire Balkan Peninsula.

d.

all of Asia Minor.

a.

20.

c.

40.

b.

30.

d.

60.

a.

male landowners only.

c.

all native-born adult residents.

b.

landowners over the age of 30 only.

d.

all adult residents except slaves.

a.

overland by pack animal.

c.

overland by chariot.

b.

overland by slave labor.

d.

in cargo ships.

a.

the ostracon.

c.

the metic class.

b.

the Assembly.

d.

the symposium.

a.

3900 B.C. and 2500 B.C.

c.

1000 B.C. and 700 B.C.

b.

2500 B.C. and 1450 B.C.

d.

750 B.C. and 612 B.C.

a.

oracles.

c.

traders.

b.

bards.

d.

choruses.

a.

urging farmers to produce more grain.

b.

extending citizenship to foreign-born artisans.

c.

ordering all slaves to learn a trade.

d.

abolishing the institution of slavery.

a.

democratic laws were introduced.

b.

the Persians were defeated at Salamis and Marathon.

c.

the Iliad and Odyssey were composed.

d.

the greatest achievements in the arts and sciences were produced.

a.

of numerous rocky harbors.

b.

no community was located more than 50 miles from the coast.

c.

of the rugged mountainous terrain.

d.

of the constant threat of armed nomadic groups.

a.

their kingdoms centered around hilltop fortresses.

b.

they intermarried with the local Hellenes.

c.

they adopted many aspects of Minoan culture.

d.

they conquered the Dorians around 1100 b.c.

a.

soldier.

c.

democracy.

b.

fortress.

d.

city-state.

a.

1200s B.C.

c.

600s B.C.

b.

800s B.C.

d.

300s B.C.

a.

their control of the sea discouraged invaders.

b.

they possessed the largest army in the Mediterranean.

c.

they had formed an alliance with the Mycenaeans.

d.

they had formed an alliance with the Spartans.

a.

citizens were not expected to participate in government.

b.

few citizens were considered competent to run for office.

c.

they believed elections could be dominated by the wealthy or well-spoken.

d.

many citizens were unwilling to run for elected office.

a.

the cooperation of the independent city-states.

b.

the antagonistic relationship between Ionia and Sparta.

c.

the antagonistic relationship between Athens and Sparta.

d.

its vastly greater number of warships.

a.

Solon.

c.

Pericles.

b.

Cleisthenes.

d.

Leonidas.

a.

rugged mountains.

c.

low-lying hills.

b.

a wide floodplain.

d.

unusually fertile farmland.

a.

the Peloponnesian War.

b.

a war between the Mycenaeans and the Trojans.

c.

the discovery of the ancient city of Troy.

d.

the return of a Mycenaean king to his homeland.

a.

grain was supplied by the Minoans.

b.

vineyards and olive groves required more laborers.

c.

grain was supplied by the colonies.

d.

the production of grain required very few laborers.

a.

they married much later than most Greek women.

b.

they had greater personal and political rights than most Greek women.

c.

they trained in gymnastics, wrestling, and boxing.

d.

they had limited voting rights.

a.

Minoans and the Macedonians.

c.

Athenians and the Spartans.

b.

Macedonians and the Thebans.

d.

Minoans and the Mycenaeans.

a.

men and women discussed public issues at forums called symposia.

b.

great public buildings including the Parthenon were built.

c.

slaves worked as teachers, servants, miners, and craftsmen.

d.

the city-state was led by a general named Pericles.

a.

democracies.

c.

tyrannies.

b.

oligarchies.

d.

republics.

a.

the Dorians.

c.

the Mycenaeans.

b.

Troy.

d.

Athens.

a.

applied only to aristocrats.

b.

eliminated the death penalty for minor offenses.

c.

signaled the end of tyranny.

d.

eliminated inconsistent laws and punishment.

a.

god-kings.

c.

priests.

b.

judges.

d.

satraps.

a.

Canaan.

c.

Persia.

b.

Byblos.

d.

Lydia.

a.

1 million people.

c.

50 million people.

b.

5 million people.

d.

110 million people.

a.

Torah.

c.

Micah.

b.

Diaspora.

d.

Ten Commandments.

a.

Egypt.

c.

China.

b.

Syria.

d.

Iraq.

a.

the Israelite Exodus from Egypt.

b.

the construction of a temple in Jerusalem.

c.

the arrival of Abraham in Canaan.

d.

the unification of the northern and southern tribes.

a.

the Jordan River to the Mediterranean Sea.

b.

Nineveh north into Asia Minor.

c.

Tyre south into Asia Minor.

d.

the Persian Gulf to Egypt and into Asia Minor.

a.

Cyrus II.

c.

David.

b.

Saul.

d.

Solomon.

a.

money system.

c.

Lydian system.

b.

barter system.

d.

Phoenician system.

a.

became capital of the Hittite Empire.

b.

became known as one of the world's most beautiful cities.

c.

was destroyed by the Persians.

d.

was destroyed by the Chaldeans.

a.

1900 B.C.

c.

1595 B.C.

b.

1645 B.C.

d.

539 B.C.

a.

Greek.

c.

Aramaic.

b.

Sumerian.

d.

Persian.

a.

Ahura Mazda.

c.

Darius I.

b.

Cyrus II.

d.

Cyrus I.

a.

monotheistic belief.

b.

setting up trading posts along the Mediterranean coast.

c.

the harvesting of cedar.

d.

the use of contracts and bills of sale in business.

a.

the Zoroastrian religion.

b.

the satrap system of provincial government.

c.

the development of a solar calendar.

d.

a legal system emphasizing payment over punishment.

a.

using coins as a medium of exchange.

b.

using glass and jewelry as a medium of exchange.

c.

developing soapstone seals.

d.

developing a system of bills and contracts.

a.

Baal.

c.

Yahweh.

b.

Astarte.

d.

Adonis.

a.

the end of the Assyrian Empire.

c.

the end of the Chaldean Empire.

b.

the beginning of the Diaspora.

d.

the beginning of the Persian Empire.

a.

they were more tolerant of conquered people than the Assyrians were.

b.

they possessed a strict moral code.

c.

they conquered the Greeks in 480 B.C.

d.

they constructed the 1,500-mile-long Royal Road.

a.

Persia.

c.

Babylon.

b.

Egypt.

d.

Canaan.

a.

Mediterranean shipping and trade.

b.

control of the overland trade between Egypt and Mesopotamia.

c.

control of the Persian road network.

d.

the agricultural development of western Syria.

a.

use of the money system in trade.

c.

early alphabetic script.

b.

military technology and techniques.

d.

monotheistic religion.

a.

the Diaspora.

c.

Nineveh.

b.

Deuteronomy.

d.

the confederation.

a.

polytheistic teachings.

c.

Hammurabic code.

b.

monotheistic teachings.

d.

reform of the Persian religion.

a.

seafaring talent.

b.

allowing conquered peoples to retain their customs.

c.

extreme cruelty.

d.

scientific achievement.

a.

Arabic.

c.

Babylonian.

b.

Lydian.

d.

Aramaic.

a.

the world was ruled by one all-powerful deity.

b.

an afterlife did not exist.

c.

the world was ruled by many deities representing natural forces.

d.

humans had to choose between the forces of good and evil.

a.

Assyria.

c.

Carthage.

b.

Jerusalem.

d.

Babylon.

a.

Iran.

c.

Greece.

b.

Lebanon.

d.

Egypt.

a.

the Chinese.

c.

the Persians.

b.

the Phoenicians.

d.

Zoroaster.

a.

Osiris.

c.

Sirius.

b.

Ra.

d.

Thebes.

a.

hieroglyphics.

c.

cuneiform.

b.

hieratic.

d.

vizier.

a.

Tutankhamen.

c.

Akhenaton.

b.

Hatshepsut.

d.

Memphis.

a.

upper class.

c.

lower class.

b.

middle class.

d.

slave class.

a.

the embalming process.

b.

the Book of the Dead.

c.

a 365-day calendar.

d.

a system of laws and specific punishments.

a.

Memphis.

c.

Uruk.

b.

Ur.

d.

Eridu.

a.

Thebes.

c.

Ur.

b.

Babylon.

d.

Uruk.

a.

were happy beings.

c.

had little power.

b.

created a happy life after death.

d.

had little regard for people.

a.

creating less severe penalties for wrongdoers.

b.

allowing victims to exact justice.

c.

making the government responsible for justice.

d.

building more jails.

a.

landowners were punished more severely than slaves.

b.

everyone was punished with equal severity, without regard to class.

c.

lower-class people were punished more severely than landowners.

d.

punishment varied, depending on the class of the person offended.

a.

the Mekong.

c.

the Ganges.

b.

the Indus.

d.

the Brahmaputra.

a.

Babylon

c.

Mohenjo-Daro

b.

Sumer

d.

Memphis

a.

cliff dwelling.

c.

temple building.

b.

urban planning.

d.

all of the above.

a.

wood.

c.

brick.

b.

stone.

d.

grass.

a.

jewelry.

c.

cotton cloth.

b.

clay pots.

d.

ships.

a.

the Huang He.

c.

the Mekong.

b.

the Chiang Jiang.

d.

the Xi Jiang.

a.

water from melting snow.

b.

silt deposits from the flooding of the Huang He.

c.

ample rainfall.

d.

all of the above.

a.

the Zhou

c.

the Han

b.

the Qin

d.

the Ming

a.

divine right of kings.

c.

Mandate of Heaven.

b.

consent of the governed.

d.

Chinese Constitution.

a.

bad laws.

c.

poor harvests.

b.

weak leaders.

d.

disease.

a.

a stone bead.

c.

a metal blade.

b.

an antelope skull.

d.

the remains of a cooking pit.

a.

the calendar.

c.

land boundaries.

b.

rules of inheritance.

d.

cooperative hunting groups.

a.

priests.

c.

soldiers.

b.

artisans.

d.

kings.

a.

5,500 years ago.

c.

50,000 years ago.

b.

10,000 years ago.

d.

4.4 million years ago.

a.

the ability to hunt animals using weapons.

b.

the ability to make barbed points and blades.

c.

the ability to make clothing.

d.

the ability to make fire.

a.

the diffusion of culture.

c.

the specialization of labor.

b.

surplus agricultural production.

d.

domestication.

a.

in the Neander Valley.

c.

during the Old Stone Age.

b.

during the Paleolithic period.

d.

during the Neolithic period.

a.

inability to adapt to colder climates.

b.

intermarriage with Homo sapiens sapiens.

c.

destructive flooding.

d.

the formation of land bridges between continents.

a.

stone tools.

c.

advances in agriculture.

b.

irrigation systems.

d.

bronze weapons.

a.

irrigation canal.

c.

city market.

b.

city center.

d.

trade routes.

a.

the existence of leaders in Cro-Magnon society.

b.

cooperative big-game hunting.

c.

their technological inferiority compared to the Neanderthals.

d.

the existence of a spoken language.

a.

the development of new agricultural methods.

b.

severe changes in the global climate.

c.

the development of long-distance hunting weapons.

d.

the development of spoken language.

a.

hunting with primitive wooden weapons.

b.

domesticating and cultivating wild plants.

c.

building permanent homes along the shores of lakes and rivers.

d.